section: text formatting

chap/textFormating.tex

+\chapter{Formatting text} \label{:chap formating}
+	To begin I want to show you the basics of how to get text onto the page and structure it. You can also see how I created this exact text as an
+	example.
+
+	\section{Texts and paragraphs} \label{sec: text and par}
+		Writing text for a LaTeX document is very easy. You just put the text in. LaTeX doesn't care about line breaks or whitespace, so its up to
+		your preferences how the source code looks. You could just write the whole document as one super long line, but it makes sense to break it up
+		and keep it readable. One common way is to put every sentence on a new line. Alternatively lots of editors can break lines for you after you
+		reach a certain width (that's how this source code is formatted).
+
+		LaTeX will automatically space and break your text to optimal use the available space while still looking good. You can however assist it when
+		it struggles. Putting hyphens (-) into a word tells LaTeX to break it there. If it's a word you use a lot, you can use
+		|\hyphenation{very-long-word}| in your preamble to tell LaTeX how to split it everywhere.
+
+		Lots of examples will tell you that |\\| is a line break. While this is correct you shouldn't use it to break your text block and
+		start a new line. A block of text is a paragraph and should be ended with the |\par| command. For ease of use LaTeX will
+		automatically use this command if you leave a blank line. (see this source code)
+
+		If you want to further separate paragraphs visually (when you finish a train of thought for example) you can use the commands
+		|\smallskip|, |\medskip| and |\bigskip|
+
+	\section{Headings} \label{sec: headings}
+		The exact commands available will vary depending on you your documentclass, but they will always be a single command that excepts any text
+		inside curly brackets, for example |\section{text}|. The different commands form a hierarchy you can nest into each other, keeping
+		track of its parent element. That means you don't have to worry about any formatting or numbering, LaTeX will handle that for you.
+
+		When using an \emph{article} documentclass, the commands available are |\section{}|, |\subsection{}| and
+		|\subsubsection{}|. Should you need more nesting levels, you are usually overcomplicating things, but you could additionally use the
+		|\paragraph{}| command, which gives you a slightly bigger, bold first word for your paragraph.
+
+		The \emph{report} documentclass adds the additional command |\chapter{}| as the highest heading level. You can still use the previous
+		three commands for the nested headings. A chapter automatically starts on a new page, so it should be at leas two pages long. You also get the
+		command |\part{}|, which creates a separate page for the part's title. These should only be used in very long documents.
+
+	\section{Text spacing} \label{sec: spacing}
+		By default, these classes add no spacing between paragraph, but sometimes you want to visually enforce a breakpoint in your argumentation. For
+		that you can add some space in between to paragraph by using one of the commands |\bigskip|, |\medskip| or
+		|\smallskip|. How much space you want depends on your tase, but you should keep it consistent. Here is an example:
+
+		\bigskip
+		This text has a big space before it,
+
+		\medskip
+		Here I used just some medium spacing
+
+		\smallskip
+		and this is a small space.
+
+	\section{Breaking pages} \label{sec: pagebreak}
+		Sometimes you will find yourself in situations, where you don't like where LaTeX splits your text to the next page. So first, take some
+		advice: Don't worry about it for now. Your text will probably change a few times before its final. Just leave it.
+
+		If you are at the final stage, you can do a beautifying pass. Now you can use |\pagebreak| to tell LaTeX about better places to
+		break the text.
+
+		Should you still not be happy (this happens especially with multiple images/tables in close proximity) you most likely have to little text and
+		should redesign your document. But if you absolutely want to print it that way, you can use |\clearpage| to force all
+		figures/tables to be put onto the page and then start a new page.
+
+		\medskip
+		You might also need just a little more space only a page to just fit one more sentences. For that you can use the command
+		|\enlargethispage{N\baselineskip}| with $N$ being the number of lines you need. Use this sparingly however, as the bottom margin is
+		there for a reason and you shouldn't intrude on the footer too much.
+
+
+	\section{Text styling} \label{sec: styling}
+		When writing text, you will need to \emph{emphasize} certain parts of the text. The easiest way is to use the |\emph{}| command
+		around you text. You can also nest it \emph{to \emph{emphasize} even more}.
+
+		If you want to change to a specific font-type, you can do that like this:
+
+		\smallskip
+		\begin{tabular}{l l}
+			|\underline{text}| & \underline{Underlined} \\
+			|\textbf{text}| & \textbf{Bold Font} \\
+			|\textii{text}| & \textit{Italic Font} \\
+			|\textrm{text}| & \textrm{Roman Font} \\
+			|\texttt{text}| & \texttt{Typewriter Font} \\
+			|\textsc{text}| & \texttt{Small Caps Font} \\
+		\end{tabular}
+
+		\medskip
+		You might also want to change your text colour, which is what the {color} package is for. It provides the
+		|textcolor{colour}{text}| command, \textcolor{red}{which allows you} \textcolor{blue}{to change your text colour}.
+
+		\section{Special characters} \label{sec: special-charaters}
+			\subsection{LaTeX command characters}
+				As in most programming languages, some characters are used for LaTeXes commands and can't be used in text directly. Here is a table
+				explaining them all:
+
+				\smallskip
+				\begin{tabular}{l l l}
+					\emph{character} & \emph{special meaning} & \emph{how to get character} \\
+					\textbackslash & beginning of a command & |\textbackslash| \\
+					\{ and \} & denote a code block & |\{| and |\}|\\
+					\% & beginning of a comment & |\%| \\
+					\# & macro parameter character & |\#| \\
+					\$ & beginning/end of math mode & |\$| \\
+					\textasciitilde & non-breaking space & |\textasciitilde| \\
+					\emph{only inside math mode:} \\
+					$\_$ & subscript & |\_| \\
+					\textasciicircum & superscript & |\textasciicircum| \\
+				\end{tabular}
+
+			\subsection{Invisible characters}
+				To properly typeset your text you may need a number of special characters under specific circumstances:
+
+				\smallskip
+				\begin{tabular}{l l l}
+					\emph{explanation} & \emph{command} & \emph{example} \\
+					non-breaking space & |~| & Max~Mustermann (Names shouldn't be broken) \\
+					3/4 non-breaking space & |\;| & 10\;000 (separate thousands)\\
+					medium non-breaking space & |\:| & z.\:B. (abbreviations) \\
+					1/2 non-breaking space & |\,| & 1\,V (number + unit) \\
+					normal space & |\space| & in case some command eats up all your space \\
+				\end{tabular}

example.tex

@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@
     % We include this files here:
     \include{chap/whatsLaTeX}
 	\include{chap/startingAdocument}
+	\include{chap/textFormating}
     % ATTENTION: you can NOT nest multiple `\inlcude' commands into each other.
     % You can use `\input' inside included files though